@cwebber Honestly the best response to this in my own education was the tutorial system at Oxford. The format (for my philosophy coursework) was to go off and spend a week researching and writing a paper, and then to spend an hour with the tutor (professor equivalent) reading it, asking questions, and having a discussion.

Getting asked "why did you conclude x" and then having a conversation about it in person is nearly impossible to bluff your way through. It's more labor intensive of course, but I think lecture-style presentations of gatekept knowledge will never be the ideal form of education.

The single most impactful lesson I had was spending a week trying to answer "what was Heidegger's political philosophy" and showing up a week later sheepishly admitting that I hadn't figured it out. We spent the whole time talking about the gaps in where I'd been searching, him giving me pointers in where to look in secondary sources, and so on